What is pseudomonarchia daemonum?

The Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, also known as the False Hierarchy of Demons, is a grimoire that was published in the 16th century. It is attributed to Johann Weyer, a Dutch physician and demonologist who sought to refute the claims made in the infamous witch-hunting manual, the Malleus Maleficarum.

The Pseudomonarchia Daemonum lists a hierarchy of demons, detailing their names, ranks, and respective powers. It is said to be a more rational and less sensationalized approach to demonology compared to other contemporary works. The grimoire includes illustrations of the demons, along with sigils and seals that were believed to be used for summoning and controlling them.

Although the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum was intended to combat the hysteria surrounding witch hunts, it still contributed to the interest in occult practices and demonology during the Renaissance period. Today, it is considered a valuable historical source for understanding the beliefs and fears surrounding demons and witchcraft in the early modern era.